Hydrological Aspects of the Drought Event in Nigeria-1972/1973
نویسنده
چکیده
The drought event which reached severe levels in 1972 and 1973 caused a major disaster in the Sahalian and sub-Sahalian zones in Africa. This disaster has drawn attention to the need for data surveys and detailed studies for meaningful long-term measures to combat the effects of future droughts. The study reported in this paper is an attempt to assess the hydrological aspects of the drought event in Nigeria in 1972 and 1973. There exist relatively long and reliable records of rainfall within the drought zone, while records for runoff, water level and groundwater are few and far between. Data available are analysed to determine evidence of trend and persistence (short and long-term). An examination of the rainfall records showed that extreme dry years at all the stations tended to recur at about the same time. The time interval between these extreme dry years was about 30 years. It was also observed from the spectral analysis of the records that most of the spectra for all the stations showed a generally high level of variance at low frequency. The limited information on runoff and groundwater precludes a detailed statistical analysis from being carried out on the annual series of runoff. However, the runoff data at some stations snowed that the magnitude of runoff in the drought year 1972/1973 was about 22-72 per cent of the average value for the length of record available (about eight years). Moreover, the long-term water-level record of Lake Chad revealed a similar trend for the occurrence of extreme dry years to that observed in the rainfall record. Des aspects hydrologiques de la sécheresse en Nigérie en 1972/1973 Résumé. La sécheresse qui a atteint à des niveaux dangereux en 1972 et 1973 a provoqué un désastre majeur dans les zones sahéliennes et sous-sahéliennes en Afrique. Ce désastre a attiré l'attention sur le grand besoin d'études pour fournir des données détaillées et pour prendre des mesures à long terme pour combattre les effets produits par des sécheresses à l'avenir. Dans l'étude illustrée dans cette mémoire on cherche à évaluer les aspects hydrologiques de la sécheresse en Nigérie en 1972 et en 1973. Il y a des enregistrements assez détaillés et sûrs des précipitations dans la zone de la sécheresse, pourtant on ne dispose que de peu de données sur l'écoulement, le niveau d'eau et des eaux souterraines. On analyse les données disponibles pour déterminer tendance et persistance (à long et à court terme). Une examination des données pluviométriques a montré que les années extrêmement sèches à toutes les stations tendaient à se réproduire en même temps. L'intervalle entre ces années extrêmement sèches était à peu près 30 ans. On a aussi observé de l'analyse spectrale des enregistrements que la plupart des spectres pour toutes les stations a montré un niveau généralement haut de variance à frequence basse. Les renseignements limités dont on dispose pour l'écoulement et les eaux souterraines empêchent toute analyse statistique détaillée en ce qui concerne une série annuelle d'écoulement. Cependant les données de l'écoulement à quelques stations ont montré que la grandeur d'écoulement pendant l'année de la sécheresse 1972/1973 était de l'ordre de 22-72 pour cent de la valeur moyenne pour la durée des données disponibles (à peu près huit ans). D'ailleurs les enregistrements à long terme du niveau d'eau pour le Lac Tchad ont révélé une tendance analogue à l'enregistrement pluviométrique déjà cité pour l'occurrence des années extrêmement sèches. * Study completed while the author was on sabbatical leave at Imperial College of Science and Technology, Lojidon, 1974/1975.
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